100 Economic Terms

NO	Economic  Terms	Istilah dalam ekonomi
1	Trade Discount	Potongan dagang
2	Creative selling	Pencipta penjualan
3	Supplier	Pemasok
4	Advertising	Periklanan
5	Retailling	Pedagang eceran
6	Middlemen	Perantara
7	Promotional mix	Bauran promosi
8	Purchasing power	Daya beli
9	Marketing mix	Bauran pemasaran
10	Product mix	Bauran mix
11	Selling agent	Agen penjualan
12	Personal selling	Tenaga penjualan
13	Manufacturer’s agent	Agen perusahaan
14	Grocery trade	Perdagangan grosir
15	Wholesaling	Perkulakan
16	Distribution	Pendistribusian
17	Quantity discount	Potongan kuantitas
18	Cash discount	Potongan tunai
19	Recruitment	Penarikan
20	Job description	Deskripsi jabatan
21	Management by objective	Manajemen berdasrkan sasaran
22	Organizing	Pengorganisasian
23	Authority	Wewenang
24	Power	Kekuasaan
25	Influence	Pengaruh
26	Responsibiliti	Tanggung jawab
27	Staff authority	Wewenang staff
28	Expert power	Kekuasaan ahli
29	Motivation	Motivasi
30	Assets	Aktiva
31	Controlling	Pengawasan
32	Budgetary control	Pengawasan anggaran
33	Revenue centers	Pusat penghasilan
34	Expenses centeres	Pusat biaya
35	Investment center	Pusat  investasi
36	Variable cost	Biaya variable
37	Fixed cost	Biaya tetap
38	Semi-Variable cost	Biaya semi variabel
39	Efficient	Efisien
40	Effective	Efektivitas
41	Reporting	Pelaporan
42	Coordinating	Koordinasi
43	Leading	Terkemuka
44	Current aset .	Aset lancar
45	Account receivable .	Piutang
46	Office supplies .	Perlengkapan kantor
47	Prepaid rent .	Penyewaan
48	Fixed assets .	Aktiva tetap
49	Revenues  .	Pendapatan
50	Liabilities .	Kewajiban
51	Account payable .	Rekening hutang
52	Notes payable .	Wesel bayar
53	Salary .	Gaji
54	Common stock .	Saham umum
55	Dividends .	Keuntungan saham
56	Retained earnings .	Saldo laba
57	Rent expense .	Biaya sewa
58	Salary expense .	Biaya gaji
59	Utilities expense .	Biaya perlengkapan
60	Supplies expense .	Persediaan biaya
61	Transaction  .	Transaksi
62	Adjusment  .	penyesuaian
63	Debit  .	debet
64	Credit .	kredit
65	Ledger .	Buku besar
67	labor	Tenaga kerja
68	Unearned service .	Pendapatan yang belum dibayarkan
69	Net .	Potongan bersih
70	Stockholders  .	Pemegang saham
71	Entrepreneur	Pengusaha
72	Income stocks	Saham pemasukan
73	Defensive stocks	Saham bertahan
74	Speculative stocks	Saham spekulasi
75	Counter cyclical stocks	Saham bersiklus
76	Capital gain	Modal pendapatan
77	Stock exchange	Pasar bursa
78	Obligation	Hutang
79	Capital loss	Modal rugi
80	Price taker	Pembuat harga
81	Preffered stock	Saham preferen
82	Auction	Pelelangan
83	inflation	Inflasi
84	Deflation	Penurunan
85	Commision expense	Biaya komisi
86	Wage	Upah
87	Packing	Pengemasan
88	Risk bearing	Penanggungan resiko
89	Communication	Penginformasian
90	Expectation	Harapan dimasa mendatang
91	Elasticity	Elastisitas
92	Open inflation	Inflasi terbuka
93	Cost push inflation	Desakan biaya
94	Present value	Nilai sekarang
95	Future value	Nilai masa depan
96	Actuating	Pelaksanaan
97	Strategic plan	Rencana strategi
98	Budgeting	Penyusunan anggaran
99	Managing	Mengatur
100	Cooperation	Kerjasama

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Tugas Bahasa Inggris

Osmosis and Animal Cells

The cytoplasm inside the cell isa a fairly concentrade solution .The protein and many other substances dissolved in it are too large to get through the cell membrane .Water molecules ,though ,can get through .The concentrated solution is the cytoplasm and the partiallly permeable membrane is the cell surface membrane .Therefore ,osmosis will occur .

Water molecules will diffuse from the dilute solution into the concentrated solution . As more and more water enters the cell ,it swells .The cell membrane has to stretch as the cell gets bigger ,until eventually the strain is too much ,and the cell bursts .And animal cell in a concentrated solution .if this solution is more concentrated than the cytoplasm ,then water molecules will diffuse out of the cell .As the water molecules go out through the cell membrane ,the cytoplasm shrinks .The cell shrivels up .

Osmosis and Plant Cells

Plant cells do not burst in pure water .Plants cell are surrounded by a cell wall .This is fully permeable ,which means that it will let any molecules go through it .
Although it is not easy to see ,a plant cell also has a cell surface membrane just like an animal cell . The cell membrane is partiallly permeable .A plant cell in pure water will take in water by osmosis through its partially permeable cell membrane in the same way as an animal cell .As the water goes in ,the cytoplasm and vacuole will swell .
However ,the plant cell has a very strong cell wall around it .The cell wall is much stronger than the cell membrane and it stops the plant cell from bursting .The cytoplasm presses out againts the cell wall ,but the wall resist and presses back on the contents .

Enzymes Have Certain Properties

Enzymes are specific ,this means that each kind of enzymes will only catalyse one kind of chemical reaction .Most chemical reactions happen faster at higher temperatures .This is because the molecules have more kinetic energy -  they are moving around faster ,so they bump into each other more frequently .This means that at higher temperatures an enzyme is likely to bump into its substrate more often than at lower temperatures .They will also hit each other with more energy ,so the reaction ia more likely to take place .



Chlorophyll Absorbs Sunlight

However ,sunlight shining into water and carbon dioxide still will not make them  react together to make glucose .The sunlight energy has to be trapped ,and then used in the reaction .Green plants have a substance which does this .It is called Chlorophyll .
Chlorophyll is the pigment which makes plants look green .It is kept inside the chloroplasts of plants cells .When sunlight falls on a chlorophyll molecule ,the energy is absorbed .The chlorophyll molecule then releases the energy .The energy makes carbon dioxide combine with water ,with the help of enzymes inside the chloroplast .The glucose that is made contains energy that was originally in the sunlight .So ,in this process ,light energy is converted to chemical energy .

Used of Glucose

One of the first carbohydrates to be made in photosynthesis is glucose .There are several things that may then happen to it .Energy may be released from glucose in the leaf .All cells need energy ,which they obtain by the process of respiration .Some of the glucose which a leaf makes will be broken down by respiration ,to release energy .

Iodine Solution can Stain Starch in Leaves

Iodine solution is used to test for starch .A blue-black colour shows that starch is present .However ,if you put iodine solution into a leaf which contains starch ,it will not immediately turn black .This is because the starch is inside the chloroplasts in the cells .The iodine solution cannot get through the cell membranes to reach the starch and react with it .
Another difficulty is that the green colour of the leaf and the brown iodine solution can look black together .



Sumber : Mary Jones and Geoff Jones .IGCSE Biology Coursebook Second Edition .  
              Cambridge University Press .